A Level Computer Science OCR Practice Exam

When using heuristics, what primarily guides the problem-solving process?

1. Strict logical progression

2. Random experimentation

3. Prior knowledge and loosely defined rules

4. Detailed manuals and instructions

The correct answer is: Prior knowledge and loosely defined rules

The correct answer highlights that heuristics are generally guided by prior knowledge and loosely defined rules. Heuristics involve applying practical methods or various shortcuts to produce solutions that may not be optimal but are sufficient for reaching an immediate goal. This approach is particularly useful in complex problem-solving situations where traditional algorithms may not be feasible due to resource constraints. Prior knowledge is essential because it allows individuals to draw upon past experiences and information that inform their decisions. For instance, when solving a problem, a person may rely on prior knowledge of similar problems and the solutions that worked in those cases, thus speeding up the problem-solving process. The loosely defined rules associated with heuristics provide flexibility, allowing for creativity and adaptation as the problem evolves. In contrast, strictly logical progression tends to follow rigid and well-defined steps that may not always accommodate the complexities and nuances of real-world problems. Random experimentation, while potentially useful in some contexts, lacks the structured approach that heuristics provide. Similarly, relying solely on detailed manuals and instructions can limit one's ability to think dynamically and apply previously acquired knowledge to new situations, which heuristics intentionally do not constrain. Therefore, the reliance on prior knowledge and flexible rules characterizes the heuristic approach effectively.